INTERNAL ASSESMENT

⁰10 Marks questions:

1 )Define bone density, how is it measured? What are the causes, clinical features,diagnosis and management of osteoporosis? (1+2+2+2+3)

Bone density, or bone mineral density, is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue. 

Bone density measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis .

A bone density test is used to measure bone mineral content and density. It may be done using X-rays, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA), or a special CT scan 

It is painless and tests the risk of fracture due to osteoporosis. 

Osteoporosis is characterized by decrease in the amount of bone.

Causes: primary- postmenopausal women and older men                     Secondary- cancer,COPD,CKD,certain drugs,                                                    Endocrine diseases. 

Clinical features: usually asymptomatic

                               Back ache or spontaneous fractures may be seen.

Investigations: x rays showing osteopenia

                           ALP may be elevated

                           Serum vitamin D level

                           Thyroid function tests

Treatment:Vitamin D and calcium supplementation

                    Bisphosphonates

                     HRT

2) )What is myxedema coma? Describe its clinical features , diagnosis and treatment of myxedema coma (2+2+2+4)

 http://mahithguduri63.blogspot.com/2021/09/myxedema-coma.html

3Causes,diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Causes:  Emotion stress or following surgery, exercise, smoking and alcohol intoxication 

Rheumatic heart disease 

      Hypertension,Heart failure,Hyperthyroidism 

COPD, Pulmonary embolism.

 Diagnosis: ECG shows  varying RR intervals,                             P waves are absent

                    Echocardiogram , CBP,Thyroid                                  function test, Serum electrolytes and                        chest x rays are done.

Beta blockers, Antiarrhythmic drugs are given. 

6)Describe about megaloblastic anemia.

Vitamin B 12 replacement should be done since malabsorption is the most common cause.

7) What are the causes, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of ascites.

http://saichennuru.blogspot.com/2021/09/45-year-old-male-patient-with-back-pain.html

Causes: cirrhosis with portal hypertension 

Cardiac failure, renal failure 

Pancreatitis,Hypoproteinemia

8) Approach to acute pancreatitis.

Treatment: iv fluid- ringer lactate solution        Nasogastric aspiration 

  Meperidine or tramadol

   Protom pump inhibitors

2marks questions:

9) Mention the differences in findings between UMN and LMN lesion.

10) Indications of hemodialysis.

11)Role of sucralfate in treatment of erosive gastritis?

https://aishwaryagannoji35.blogspot.com/2021/09/45-year-old-female-with-vomiting-since.html

12 Mention the renal manifestations of snake bite?

https://achalram1512.blogspot.com/2021/08/admission-65-year-old-male-from.html

 13)causes of portal hypertension

14)clinical features of Downs syndrome

http://mahithguduri63.blogspot.com/2021/09/downs-syndrome-with-autoimmune.html

16)Causes of cervical myleopathy.

Compression of spinal cord in the neck 

   Rheumatoid arthritis of neck

spinal infections.